MISCELLANEOUS PROCEDURES & TESTS
EYE
An ophthalmic examination is performed when there are concerns raised by the owner regarding the pet’s eyes, or when abnormalities are detected during the general physical examination by the veterinarian.
This examination allows for a thorough assessment of the ocular structures to identify any underlying conditions affecting the eye, and to determine the appropriate course of treatment or further diagnostic testing if required.
Ocular tonometry is a diagnostic procedure performed to measure intraocular pressure (IOP) using a tonometer. This test is essential in the assessment and monitoring of conditions such as glaucoma, as well as other ocular disorders that may affect intraocular pressure.
The procedure is generally well tolerated and may involve the application of topical anaesthetic drops, depending on the type of tonometer used.
Normal reference ranges for intraocular pressure are typically:
- Cats: 15–25 mmHg
- Dogs: 15–25 mmHg
Values above the normal range may be indicative of glaucoma, while abnormally low readings may suggest conditions such as uveitis. Interpretation of results should always be made in conjunction with clinical findings and other diagnostic tests.
Fluorescein staining is a diagnostic procedure commonly performed to assess the integrity of the corneal surface, particularly to detect the presence of corneal ulcers, abrasions, or potential foreign bodies.
A fluorescein dye is gently applied to the surface of the cornea and subsequently rinsed with sterile saline. The eye is then examined under cobalt blue light in a dimly lit environment. Areas of corneal epithelial disruption will retain the dye and fluoresce a bright green-yellow colour, thereby allowing clear identification of any defects or abnormalities.
EARS
This procedure will only be performed if deemed medically necessary, such as in cases of an ear infection. The ears will be thoroughly cleaned, and any excess fur within the ear canal may be removed. This helps reduce the risk of infection and allows owners to administer prescribed topical medications more effectively.
This procedure will only be performed if deemed medically necessary, such as in cases of a severe ear infection. The ears will be irrigated using a ceruminolytic ear cleaner and gently flushed to remove debris and discharge. If the pet experiences discomfort or pain during the procedure, mild sedation may be required to minimize stress and ensure the procedure can be performed safely and effectively.
This involves a microscopic examination of an ear swab collected from the affected animal. It helps the veterinarian determine the underlying cause of the infection. Under the microscope, organisms such as bacteria, yeast, or parasites may be identified. With an accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment can be prescribed to effectively manage and resolve the ear infection.
ORAL
An oral examination is performed when concerns are raised by the owner regarding the pet’s mouth, or when abnormalities are identified during the general physical examination by the veterinarian.
A thorough assessment of the oral cavity is conducted, including evaluation of the teeth, gingiva, and surrounding soft tissues, to identify any signs of dental disease, inflammation, infection, or other abnormalities.
In cases where the pet exhibits discomfort, pain, or is unable to tolerate a complete oral examination, mild sedation may be required to facilitate a more thorough and stress-minimised assessment.
Incisor trimming is performed in small mammals only when medically indicated, such as in cases of severe dental overgrowth that impair the animal’s ability to eat or function normally.
The procedure is carried out with appropriate restraint and, where necessary, sedation to minimise stress and ensure patient comfort. Care is taken to trim the teeth to an appropriate length while preserving normal occlusion and avoiding trauma to the tooth structure.
Proper technique is essential to reduce the risk of complications, including tooth fracture, pulp exposure, or soft tissue injury, and to restore the patient’s ability to eat effectively.
ANAL GLAND
This procedure is performed if the veterinarian determines that the anal glands are full. These scent glands are located at approximately the 4 o’clock and 8 o’clock positions around the rectum. In some pets, the glands may need to be expressed regularly, approximately once a month.
If left unemptied, the glands can become overfilled, leading to discomfort and behaviours such as scooting. If the condition persists, it may progress to anal gland impaction or infection.
The veterinarian will usually demonstrate this procedure to pet owners, enabling them to perform routine expression safely at home when appropriate.
SKIN & FUR
This procedure will only be performed if deemed medically necessary, such as in cases of a skin infection. Depending on the location of the condition, the affected area(s)—including paw pads, paws, specific body regions, or, in some cases, the entire coat—may be clipped or shaved.
Removing the fur allows for better visualisation and diagnosis of the skin condition, and facilitates more effective application of topical medications by the owner.
This test involves collecting fur samples from the pet, which are then examined under a microscope to determine the cause of skin issues. It can help identify parasitic infestations, such as fur mites.
This test involves collecting fur samples from the pet, which are then examined under a microscope to identify the cause of skin problems. It can detect parasitic infestations, such as fur mites.
Fungal infections are among the most common causes of skin issues in dogs. The dermatophyte test helps identify the specific type of fungus affecting the pet. Using a specialised agar with a pH indicator, the test can differentiate dermatophyte fungi from normal saprophytic fungi. If a dermatophyte fungus is present, the pH indicator will turn red, confirming the infection.
NAIL
This procedure is performed only when medically necessary, such as in cases of overgrown nails or when the pet becomes difficult to handle during nail trimming. Each nail contains a blood vessel called the “quick,” so nails are clipped carefully, leaving a few millimetres of space to prevent bleeding. For black nails, a light may be used to locate the quick and ensure it is avoided during trimming.
Overgrown nails can curl inwards and may grow into the paw pads if not trimmed in time. This can lead to paw pad infections and significant pain and discomfort for the pet. If the pet experiences considerable distress or pain during nail trimming, mild sedation may be used to reduce stress and ensure the procedure can be performed safely.
An infected nail can cause significant pain and inflammation around the affected paw pad, often causing the pet to cry when using the paw or to limp to avoid further discomfort. Removal of the infected nail helps relieve pain and allows the nail bed to begin healing. If the procedure is likely to cause significant pain, the pet may be sedated to ensure safety and comfort.
FAECAL
A rectal examination is typically performed when there are concerns about the pet’s gastrointestinal tract or if the veterinarian detects potential issues during a physical examination. During the procedure, the veterinarian carefully inserts a gloved and lubricated finger to minimise discomfort. This examination allows collection of a fecal sample for analysis and, in intact male dogs, enables evaluation of the prostate.
This test is performed on a faecal sample to help diagnose conditions affecting the digestive tract. These may include infections caused by parasites, viruses, or bacteria, as well as issues such as poor nutrient absorption and other gastrointestinal disorders.
This procedure is performed when a pet is constipated and unable to defecate for several days. Radiographs may be taken before and/or after the procedure to assess the amount of faecal matter present and to guide evacuation. Sedation is typically administered to minimise discomfort and reduce stress for the pet.
URINARY
Urine collection is typically performed when there are concerns about a pet’s urinary health, either based on the owner’s observations or findings during a physical examination. The sample is obtained for further testing, such as urinalysis and evaluation of urine sediment.
One common method is cystocentesis, which is more frequently performed in female patients. This involves inserting a sterile needle and syringe directly into the bladder, often with ultrasound guidance, to collect a clean sample.
In male patients, urine is commonly collected via catheterisation. This involves inserting a urinary catheter through the urethra into the bladder, allowing urine to be collected directly in a sterile manner.
This procedure is typically performed when a pet is unable to urinate on its own. This may occur due to neurological dysfunction, where the pet cannot sense a full bladder, or in cases such as severely obstructed male cats requiring emergency relief.
In male dogs, urinary catheterisation is usually performed to evacuate the bladder. In female patients and male cats, evacuation is more commonly achieved via ultrasound-guided cystocentesis to safely relieve bladder distension.
Urinalysis is the physical and chemical evaluation of urine. It is used to detect and monitor a wide range of conditions, including urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and diabetes. This test involves assessing the urine’s appearance, concentration, and chemical composition.
Urine sediment is examined microscopically using the IDEXX SediVue Dx analyser. This allows for the detection of crystals, red blood cells, white blood cells, and epithelial cells within the urine. These findings provide valuable information to support the diagnosis and management of your pet’s condition.
